Factors Associated with the Preparation Stage to Quit Smoking among College Smokers

PURPOSE: This study was to compare the Transtheoretical Model components according to the stage of change in smoking cessation behavior and identify factors associated with preparation to quit smoking among college smokers. METHODS: Data were collected from 224 undergraduate students using the self-report questionnaire. The survey variables comprised the stage of change in smoking cessation, self-efficacy, and decisional balance and process of change in smoking cessation. RESULTS: There were significant differences in self-efficacy, cons of smoking, and the process of change according to the stage of change in smoking cessation behavior. Cons of smoking and self liberation were significant factors related to the preparation stage of smoking cessation. CONCLUSION: Strategies to enhance cons of smoking and self liberation in college smokers will be an important intervention component to prepare and plan smoking cessation in future studies.

The Effects of a Smoking Prevention Program on Knowledge and Attitude toward Smoking and Smoking Coping Behavior among Preschool Children

PURPOSE: This study was to evaluate the effects of a smoking prevention program among preschool children. METHOD: This study used a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 141 preschool children aged 6 or 7 at two childcare centers in Jecheon City, who were divided into an experimental group (n=66) and a control group (n=75). The smoking prevention program was applied through 9 sessions and 30 minutes per session. Surveys were conducted before and after the smoking prevention program to examine the preschoolers' knowledge and attitude toward smoking and smoking coping behavior. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in smoking knowledge (t=-2.02, p=.044) and smoking coping behavior (t=-2.01, p=.047), but smoking attitude (t=-1.20, p=.230) was not statistically significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: As a result, further research is needed into the long term effects of a smoking prevention program on the future behavior of preschoolers so that the health benefits of early prevention can be quantified. It is necessary for parents to participate actively in influencing preschoolers' attitudes and behaviors with regard to the avoidance of smoking.

A Study on Obesity Stress and Related Factors among Female College Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of obesity stress and analyze factors having an effect on obesity stress among college women. METHOD: The subjects were 347 female students from a university in J City. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire for general characteristics, health-related characteristics, and current and preferred somatotype. Obesity stress was measured using 10 items developed by Cho (1996) based on Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) of Ben-Tovim and Walker (1991). The survey was conducted from September 4 to September 7, 2007. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Spearman's rank correlation test, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS 14.0. RESULTS: The average score of obesity stress was 2.78+/-0.90 out of 5.00. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the major factors that affect obesity stress of female college students were perceived body shape, disagreement between current and preferred somatotype, history of weight control, body mass index (BMI), and perceived health status, and these factors explained 38.4% of obesity stress. CONCLUSION: Subjective judgment in the perception of or preference for body shape was the most important factor affecting obesity stress in female college students. Therefore, a plan is necessary to mitigate obesity stress and evaluate individually subjects who perceive themselves to be fat or want to be thinner than the current somatotype. And consultation and constant management are needed to help the high risk group (experience of weight control, BMI > or =23kg/m2, not good health status).

Development and Application of an Online Alternative Therapy and Health Promotion Class / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to develop an online 'alternative therapy and health promotion' class for university students and to evaluate its changes. METHOD: The online class was developed based on the Instructional Systems Development (ISD) model and model of Web-Based Instruction (WBI) developmental process. This was a quasi- experimental, one group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 130 students in 3 universities, and they were provided the cyber class for 16 weeks. Data was analyzed by descriptive and plural answer statistics, and paired t-test. RESULTS: The cyber class was developed in five steps : analysis, design, data collection and reconstruction, programing and publishing, and evaluation. The results of program evaluation were positive, which included learning 3.47, system 3.57, and learning satisfaction 3.64 on the scale of 5. The posttest scores of cognition and reliability of alternative therapy were higher than pretest scores. The posttest score of health promoting lifestyle (t=-5.051, p=.000) and perceived health status (t=2.979, p=.003) were significantly higher than those of the pretest. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the cyber class is a positive method in increasing a cognition, reliability of alternative therapy, and is effective to improve a health promotion lifestyle and perceived health status for the university students.

Comparison of bite force with dental prescale and unilateral bite force recorder in healthy subjects / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The previous unilateral bite force recorder has several limitations for taking long time for measuring and causing discomfort to subjects. Because of these reasons, it could not use widely for epidemiological researches. However, "Dental Prescale System" which is new equipment for measuring bite force, is more convenient for measuring bite force than previous unilateral recorder. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare a new technique(Dental Prescale System) using pressure sensitive foils for recording of maximal jaw closing force with conventional measurement using unilateral bite force recorder. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This studies included 22 healthy dental students in college of dentistry, Yonsei university in Rep. of Korea. Mean age was 23.9 years. All subjects had continuous dental arches and no significant malocclusion or signs from the teeth and craniomandibular system. The Dental Prescale System (Fuji Film, Tokyo, Japan) consists of a horseshoe-shaped pressure sensitive sheet (50H, R type) and a computerized scanning system.(FPD705) We also used unilateral bite force recorder(Denbotics Co. Seoul, Rep.Korea) for comparing with Dental Prescale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The total bite force recorded with Dental Prescale System (1423 N) was systematically higher than that recorded by unilateral bite force recorder.(256 N) However, the maximum bite force values measured in the two ways were significantly correlated (r=0.46, p<0.05). The Dental Prescale bite force calculated for first molar (208 N) was lower than that recorded by unilateral bite force recorder.(256 N) The two values were also very significantly correlated .(r=0.66. p<0.001) There were significantly different in bite force between two measurement methods. The reasons were first, unilateral bite force recorder measured only the bite force of a part of teeth, and Dental Prescale measured the total teeth force. Second, in measurement, a difference in muscle contraction appeared by an extent of mouth-opening. Third, unilateral bite force recorder has the reducing effect of the bite force by protective tape. Fourth, Dental Prescale has limitations during the computer scanning procedure. Therefore, Dental Prescale System is considered to be a very promising alternative to be conventional bite force recording methods.

Comparison of bite force with dental prescale and unilateral bite force recorder in healthy subjects / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The previous unilateral bite force recorder has several limitations for taking long time for measuring and causing discomfort to subjects. Because of these reasons, it could not use widely for epidemiological researches. However, "Dental Prescale System" which is new equipment for measuring bite force, is more convenient for measuring bite force than previous unilateral recorder. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare a new technique(Dental Prescale System) using pressure sensitive foils for recording of maximal jaw closing force with conventional measurement using unilateral bite force recorder. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This studies included 22 healthy dental students in college of dentistry, Yonsei university in Rep. of Korea. Mean age was 23.9 years. All subjects had continuous dental arches and no significant malocclusion or signs from the teeth and craniomandibular system. The Dental Prescale System (Fuji Film, Tokyo, Japan) consists of a horseshoe-shaped pressure sensitive sheet (50H, R type) and a computerized scanning system.(FPD705) We also used unilateral bite force recorder(Denbotics Co. Seoul, Rep.Korea) for comparing with Dental Prescale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The total bite force recorded with Dental Prescale System (1423 N) was systematically higher than that recorded by unilateral bite force recorder.(256 N) However, the maximum bite force values measured in the two ways were significantly correlated (r=0.46, p<0.05). The Dental Prescale bite force calculated for first molar (208 N) was lower than that recorded by unilateral bite force recorder.(256 N) The two values were also very significantly correlated .(r=0.66. p<0.001) There were significantly different in bite force between two measurement methods. The reasons were first, unilateral bite force recorder measured only the bite force of a part of teeth, and Dental Prescale measured the total teeth force. Second, in measurement, a difference in muscle contraction appeared by an extent of mouth-opening. Third, unilateral bite force recorder has the reducing effect of the bite force by protective tape. Fourth, Dental Prescale has limitations during the computer scanning procedure. Therefore, Dental Prescale System is considered to be a very promising alternative to be conventional bite force recording methods.

The Relationships among the Suicidal Risk, Self-Esteem, and Spiritual Well-being of High School Students

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to investigate the relationships among suicidal risk, self-esteem, and spiritual well-being of high school students, and to provide basic data for developing suicide prevention programs. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 1.176 high school students from six academic high schools and two technical high schools in Daegu City. Data were collected from the 13th to the 25th of September 2004. The research tools were the Suicide Probability Scale developed by Go. Kim and Lee (2000), the Self-Esteem Inventory modified by Choi and Jeon (1993), and the tool of Spiritual Well-Being modified by Yoo (2002). Data were analyzed with SPSS Windows 11.0. RESULT: Variables that showed statistically significant difference in suicidal risk were school type, whether to have the best friends, the number of close friends, current relationship with close friends, experience of school violation, respect for the teacher, grades, financial condition, parents marital status, father's education level, mother's education level, home atmosphere, conversation with father, conversation with mother, smoking, drinking, experience of counseling for problems, whether to have physical illnesses, experience of thinking about suicide, experience of attempting suicide. Suicidal risk was in a significantly negative correlation with self-esteem and spiritual well-being. CONCLUSION: The researcher identified many different variables that affect the suicidal risk of high school students. Self-esteem and spiritual well-being were found to be in a significant correlation with suicidal risk. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as basic data and information for suicidal prevention programs.

Knowledge Discovery in Nursing Minimum Data Set Using Data Mining / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to apply data mining tool to nursing specific knowledge discovery process and to identify the utilization of data mining skill for clinical decision making. METHODS: Data mining based on rough set model was conducted on a large clinical data set containing NMDS elements. Randomized 1000 patient data were selected from year 1998 database which had at least one of the five most frequently used nursing diagnoses. Patient characteristics and care service characteristics including nursing diagnoses, interventions and outcomes were analyzed to derive the meaningful decision rules. RESULTS: Number of comorbidity, marital status, nursing diagnosis related to risk for infection and nursing intervention related to infection protection, and discharge status were the predictors that could determine the length of stay. Four variables (age, impaired skin integrity, pain, and discharge status) were identified as valuable predictors for nursing outcome, relived pain. Five variables (age, pain, potential for infection, marital status, and primary disease) were identified as important predictors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the utilization of data mining method through a large data set with stan-dardized language format to identify the contribution of nursing care to patient's health.

The Effects of Dogbi(ST35) & Sulan Moxibustion on Knee Joint Pain, Range of Motion and Discomfort during ADL in the Aged / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to test the effects of ST35 & Sulan moxibustion on knee joint pain, range of motion, and discomfort during Activies of Daily Living (ADL) in elderly with knee joint pain. METHOD: A nonequivalent control group pre-post test research design was used. Thirty four elderly who had knee joint pain were studied. Of them, sixteen were in the experimental group and eighteen the control group. The instruments used for this study were NRS, goniometer, and a modified ADL questionnaire developed by Lee. RESULT: The pain scores of right & left knee joint after moxibustion were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group (Right: F=26.27, p=0.000, Left: F=20.77, p=0.000). Right and left knee ROM scores were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after moxibustion (Right: F=10.74, p=0.003, Left: F=9.239, p=0.005). Discomfort during ADL scores were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after moxibustion (F= 32.31, p=0.000). CONCLUSION: It is necessary that nurses provide the elderly with knee joint pain with moxibustion to reduce joint pain and to increase knee ROM as an alternative therapy.

A Comparison of Lifestyle, Health Status and Quality of Life of Adult Women living in Urban and Rural Areas / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the need to develop health promotion programs for adult women and to compare lifestyle, health status and quality of life in adult women in urban and rural areas. METHOD: The participants were women over 20 years old, 451 living in 3 cities and 436 living in 7 rural areas. Data collection was conducted from April 6 to August 30, 2004. RESULTS: For lifestyle, the percentage of women having regular medical examinations, cholesterol tests, regular exercise, and high alcohol intake were significantly higher for urban women compared to the rural women. For health status, the percentage of women with health problems such as arthritic pain, urinary incontinence, pregnancy and postpartum complications, and the experience of violence were significantly higher for rural women compared to urban women. Rural women had significantly lower scores for health perception compared to urban women. For quality of life, rural women had significantly higher scores for quality of life, especially for the psychological wellbeing and stability subscales. CONCLUSION: The above findings indicate that it is necessary to develope a health promotion program which reinforces healthy lifestyle and health status for rural women, and quality of life, for urban women.

Comparison of maximum occlusal forces on osseointegrated implant supported fixed prostheses and natural teeth / 대한치과보철학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the maximum occlusal force implant prostheses to natural teeth. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifty nine patients treated either with Bra.nemark implants and ITI implants during the recent ten years were involved in this study. The maximum occlusal force were measured with unilateral bite force recorder and dental prescale system. RESULTS: 1. The maximum occlusal forces of the implant prostheses and natural teeth were not significantly different where measured with unilateral bite force recorder and dental prescale system. 2. The maximum occlusal forces were not significantly different between Bra.nemark implant and ITI implant prostheses. 3. The maximum occlusal forces of the implant prostheses had lower when compared with natural teeth during 1-6 months functional periods when measured with the unilareral bite force recorder(p<0.05) and 1-12 months functional periods when measured with the dental prescale system(p<0.05). After these periods there was not statistical significant difference between the implant prostheses and natural teeth. 4. The maximum occlusal forces of the wide diameter implant prostheses were higher than the maximum occlusal forces of the regular diameter implant prostheses when measured with dental prescale system(p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the wide diameter and the regular diameter implant prostheses when measured with unilateral bite force recorder. 5. The maximum occlusal forces of the single implant prostheses were not significantly different with the splinting implants prostheses. 6. The maximum occlusal forces of the implant prostheses were not significantly different by age and sex. 7. There was significantly different between maximum occlusal forces measured with unilateral bite force recorder and dental prescale system(p<0.0001), but there was positive correlation(r=0.52, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The maximum occlusal forces of the implant prostheses were not significantly different to natural teeth during clenching and unilateral maximum biting.

A Study on Physical Fitness in Student Nurses / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify levels of physical fitness in student nurses and to ascertain the relationship among the different aspects of physical fitness of strength, power, muscle endurance, agility, balance and flexibility. METHOD: The participants were 266 students selected from one college of nursing. From May 1 to July 31 in 2003, physical constitution, muscle strength (grip strength, back strength), power (standing long jump), muscle endurance (sit-ups), agility (whole body reaction time-light, sound), balance (close-eyes foot-balance), and flexibility (sitting trunk flexion) were measured. RESULT: The mean(standard deviation) for grip strength was 22.59(3.93) kg., for back strength, 48.52(12.85) kg., for standing long jump, 135.29(20.54) m., for sit-up's, 23.66(9.35) per minute, whole body reaction time (light), 0.43(0.11) sec, whole body reaction time (sound), 0.50(0.16) sec, close-eyes foot-balance, 33.35(38.67) sec, and sitting trunk flexion 34.72(9.37) cm. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the physical fitness of student nurses is very low compared to the results in a report from the Korea Sports Science Institute. It is necessary to include exercise programs for student nurses in order to improve their physical fitness.

Seismic Intensity and Mental Stress after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake

Objective: For 1,361 victims of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, to evaluate the usefulness of seismic intensity information for mental health activities, we examined the quantitative relationship between experienced seismic intensity and earthquake-related life events or mental health. Methods: Questionnaires were administered concerning seismic intensity, life events and mental health to the victims. Results: The incidence of serious life events, such as death of a close family member and mental disorders were higher in areas of high seismic intensity than in low-intensity areas. Victims who experienced intensity 7 (Japan Meteorological Agency) scored 11 or more on the Modified Mercalli (MM) scale, perceived more depressive symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 2.11, 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.49−2.98)] and lower mental health status (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.34−2.61) than those who suffered intensity 4 or less, who scored 7 or less on MM scale after controlling for various sociodemographic factors. Conclusions: Higher seismic intensity was associated with each severe life event and ill mental health among earthquake victims.

Life Events and Posttraumatic Stress in Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Victims

Stress induced by disaster is experienced to varying degrees by all respondents, and is known to evoke psychophysiological reactions. In this study, we investigated the relationships between earthquake-related life events and posttraumatic stress symptoms. A total of 380 adults were surveyed one year after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. The questionnaire included items concerning earthquake-related life events, emotional support and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. As a result, after controlling for demographic variables, earthquake-related life events were significantly related to the grade of posttraumatic stress and its three components: re-experience, avoidance and arousal, in both male and female subjects. Male subjects who currently had lower emotional support showed higher scores of posttraumatic stress and arousal. In conclusion, a higher experience of earthquake-related life events appears to be an important risk factor for development of poor mental health status following an earthquake disaster.

The Experimental Study on Cryopreservation of Mouse Embryo / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of embryonic stage, cryoprotectant, and freezing-thawing method on the rates of survival and development of the cryopreserved mouse early embryo and finally to establish the cryopreservation method of surplus embryos obtained during assisted reproductive technology (ART). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two to eight cell embryos were obtained from oviducts of mated F1 hybrid female mice superovulated by pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Two-step 1,2-propanediol (PROH), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 4-step PROH, DMSO were used as cryoprotectant and dehydration and rehydration method of embryos, and slow- cooling or rapid-cooling method was used as frozen program. The survival rates of embryos were measured after thawing and rehydration, and the developmental rates of embryos were compared and observed during culturing embryos for 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs. RESULTS: As for the survival and development rates of embryos according to embryonic stage, the survival rate of 2 cell stage in PROH and DMSO was significantly higher than 4-8 cell (64.5% versus 62.1%, 79.7% versus 73.2%) (p<0.01, p<0.01), but the development rates of 4-8 cell embryos in PROH and DMSO were significantly higher than 2 cell embryos for whole culture period (p<0.01) and the development rates of 4-8 cell embryos in PROH were significantly higher than 2 cell embryos in DMSO (p<0.01). As for the survival and development rates of embryos according to cryoprotectant, the survival rate of 2 cell embryo in DMSO was significantly higher than that in PROH (74.4% versus 64.5%) (p<0.01), whereas the development rate of embryos was not differ till 24 hrs. The development rate from morular to hatching blastocyst, however, was significantly higher in PROH than in DMSO during 48 hr (p<0.01). The survival rate of 4-8 cell embryo was 62.1% in PROH and 73.2% in DMSO. The development rates of embryo in PROH were significantly higher for whole culture periods (p<0.01, 0.05). In respect to the effect of freezing and thawing program on the survival and development rates of embryos, method of slow cooling and rapid thawing was more effective than that of rapid cooling and rapid thawing. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rate of embryo in 2 cell stage was higher than in 4-8 cell stage, and PROH appears more effective cryoprotectant than DMSO because PROH showed better development rates of embryos in 2 and 4-8 cell stage. Moreover, slow cooling and rapid thawing method was considered as the best cryopreservation program.

Comparison of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Partial Zona Dissection followed by Insemination in Hamster Oocytes / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was to investigate the fertilization rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or partial zona dissection (PZD) of human and hamster sperm into hamster oocyte in in vitro fertilization (IVF). In addition, the possibility of clinical application was evaluated by the comparison of usefulness and difference of these method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hamster immature oocytes were obtained from oviducts superovulated by PMSG and hCG, and hamster sperms were obtained from epididymis. The freezed human sperms were thawed before use. Fertilization were confirmed by two pronuclei, one pronucleus, swollen sperm head or/and two polar bodies at 7~8 hour after ICSI or PZD. RESULTS: The fertilization rates after ICSI and PZD of human sperm to hamster oocyte were 3.6%, 64.2%, 73.6%, and 55.6% for negative control, positive control, ICSI, and PZD respectively, suggesting that ICSI only showed improved fertilization rate (p<0.01). The fertilization rates after ICSI and PZD of hamster sperm to hamster oocyte were 11.1%, 51.2%, 39.6%, and 72.7% for negative control, positive control, ICSI, and PZD respectively, suggesting that PZD only showed improved fertilization rate (p<0.01). PZD showed significantly higher fertilization rate than ICSI (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As for the fertilization rate by ICSI and PZD using hamster oocyte in IVF, ICSI technique was considered to be more useful for human sperm and PZD technique for hamster sperm. Therefore, ICSI technique was considered more appropriate for experimental application using human sperm and hamster oocyte.

The Effect of Pre and Intra-Operative Warming Therapy on Tympanic Temperature Changes during Perioperative Phase in Receiving Patients with Total Hip Replacement / 기본간호학회지

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of Warming Therapy used with patients consistantly before and during surgery to on changes in their body temperatures. The data were collected from patients in a university hospital in Taegu between December 1, 1998 and May 31, 1999. The subjects were selected from patients who were hospitalized for total hip replacement surgery. Thirty participants were assigned to two groups : experimental(Warming Therapy) group and control group. Each group consisted of 15 patients. The research design was a repeated measurement design, using a nonequivalent control group. The Warming Therapy, using a forced-air warming blanket, that is a, 'Bair Hugger' was applied to subjects in the experimental group. The subjects in the group were treated with the 'Bair Hugger' to warm up the whole body for 40 minutes before surgery and upper body and face during the operation. The core temperature was measured using a tympanic thermometer. The body temperature of the patients was measured 13 times every 15 minutes during the surgery. After the operation the body temperature of the patients was measured 4 times every 15 minutes, from the time of arrivial in the recovery room to the time of leaving the recovery room. The SPSS Win 9.0 program was used for data analysis. Specific methods tested were done using x2-test, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA. The findings of the study are as follows. 1. The first hypothesis, "The level of tympanic temperature for the experimental group which received Warming Therapy will be higher than that of the control group during the operation", was supported (F=32.16, p=0.000). 2. The second hypothesis, "The level of tympanic temperature for the experimental group which received Warming Therapy will be higher than that of the control group after the operation", was supported.(F=33.36, p=0.000) 3. During recovery, shivering was observed one patient in the experimental group and seven patients in the control group. In summary, the findings of the study suggest that the "Warming Therapy" applied before and during the surgery was a very effective treatment for surgical patients in maintaining the core temperature during surgery

Electron microscopy of the oocyte-cumulus complex and immuncytochemistry on the distribution of fibronectin, tenascin, and laminin / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: Immunofluorescence microscopy including confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy were used to study the production of fibronectin, tenascin, and laminin in the cumulus-corona (CC) cells surrounding mature, unfertilized oocytes after ovulation in view of their presumptive importance in the coordination of the processes leading to fertilization and early embryo cleavage, including the final maturation of the ovum, the sperm-egg interaction, and the complex biochemical mechanism between the ovum and the oviduct. METHODS: Mature oocyte-cumulus complex (OCC) was cultured for 24 and 48 hour and fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde. Specimens were incubated with a mixture of primary monoclonal antibodies recognizing different epitopes of fibronectin, tenascin, and laminin, and then with a mixture of secondary antibodies containing FITC, TRITC, and Cy-5 conjugated antibodies. Observation was made by confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with epifluorescece optics. Transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the OCC at 24 and 48 hours after cultrue. RESULTS: The immunocytochemical date demonstrated that CC masses are capable of producing fibronectin and tenascin but their production is heterogeneous in the CC population. Immunoreactivity to fibronectin and tenascin was shown mostly by inner corona cells, and the intensity of immunofluorescence decreased from the central corona cells to the peripheral cumulus cells. Colocalization of fibronectin and tenascin was evident in most CC cells. Moreover, fibronectin and tenascin immunoreactive material was observed in the intracytoplasmic areas, at the plasma membrane level as well as in the extracellular matrix. Whereas, laminin immunofluorescence was found around plasma membrane and extracellular area, but a intracytoplasmic reaction was rarely observed. The distribution of laminin immunofluorescence was similar to that of fibronectin and tenascin, but in some cumulus cells, colocalization between them was not found. Ultrastructurally, cumulus cells projected numerous long, thin microvilli into the intercellular area and some micovilli penetrated into zona pellucida. The inner layer of the cumulus mass was loose arrangement of relatively uniform, small cells with widened intercellular spaces, whereas in the outer layer, cumulus cells are rather larger in size and compact arrangement by narrow, irregular spaces. A small and large linear gap junctions were easily found at cell contacts. The cytoplasm of most cells had abundant organelles typical of steroidogenesis: numerous mitochondrias, a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, electron dense lipid droplets, and bundles of microtubules and microfilaments. Rudimentary disrupted basal lamina along the cytoplasmic border was rarely seen in a few inner conora cells. CONCLUSION: Even though the functional role of these extracellular matrix proteins remains still unclear, it is reasonable to suggest that they are necessary in various steps of the reproductive process. Cumulus cells appears to be a heterogeneous and dynamic system for suitable microenviroment of fertilization. And functional differences between corona and cumulus cells during the oocyte denudation may be accounted for particular distribution of these adhesive proteins and steroidogenesis-related organelles.

A Study on the Effect of Preoperative Nursing Informations on the Self-Care in Abdominal Surgery Patients / 기본간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of self-care of abdominal surgery patients in surgical intensive care unit after offering preoperative nursing information. This study worked out nonequivalant control group post test only design as suspected experimental study. This subjects of the study were 45 patients, 23 in experimental group and 22 in control group. This study was carried at a university hospital in Taegu between January 12, 1999 and March 13, 1999. The experimental group was supplied with preoperative nursing information and the control group received routine care in ICU. The measuring tools of this study were assessment of the self-care role behavior. The data were analyzed by SPSS computer program, x2 test and t-test and ANOVA were utilized for testing the difference between the experimental and the control group. The hypothesis was examined by t-test. The result of this study are summarized as follows ; 1) The hypothesis, "The experimental group will show a higher level of self-care than the control group" was accepted(t= -8.958, p=0.000). 2) We could not find any meaningful relation about general characteristics and disease associated characteristics between the experimental and the control group. 3) The self-care behavior scores according to the general characteristics and disease associated characteristics show significant statistical difference by economics status (p=0.033). 4) The rate of self-care behavior scores of each questionnaire are below average in the questions that request active activity to prevent postoperative complications From the result of this study, the self-care of the experimental group was higher than those of the control group, and the nursing information can be regarded as an effective nursing intervention for preoperative patients.

The Effect of Breathing Biofeedback Training in the Stress of Nursing Student in Clinical Practice / 기본간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of breathing biofeedback training on the stress of nursing students in clinical practice. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 39 nursing students from the College of Nursing of K University. The study was conducted from July 20 to September 3, 1998. The subjects were assigned to one of two groups : the experimental group (19 students), and the control group (20 students). The breathing biofeedback training was performed 12 times with the experimental group. The level of psychological stress was measured using the State Anxiety Inventory, Profile of Mood State, and Visual Analogue Stress Scale. The level of physiological stress was measured using pulse rate and blood pressure. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, x2-test, t-test, and repeated measures of ANOVA. The results of study are as follows : 1) State anxiety scores were not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after the biofeedback training. 2) Profile of mood state scores were not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after the biofeedback training. 3) Visual Analogue Stress Scale scores were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after the biofeedback training(F=11.68, p=0.002). 4) Pulse rates were not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after the biofeedback training. 5) Systolic blood pressures were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after the biofeedback training(F=5.44, p=0.025). 6) Diastolic blood pressures were not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after the biofeedback training. On the basis of the above findings, the following recommendations for further study are made ; 1) Identification of the effects of breathing biofeedback training at times of high stress during clinical practice. 2) Identification of the effects of stress reduction according to the frequency of the breathing biofeedback training.